BA 1st Semester Minor / MDC English Important Short Question Answer
Q.- Who is Mahasweta in Kadambari ?
Ans : Mahasweta was an important character in Banabhatta’s Sanskrit novel Kadambari. She was the daughter of King Yaugandharayana. She was admired not only for her physical beauty but also for her intelligence, gentle nature, and strong emotions.
Her life became deeply connected with Pundarika (also called Pushpaketu), a noble and handsome youth. Both of them fell in love with each other sincerely. Their love was pure and true, but fate was not kind to them. Pundarika died at a very young age, and this tragedy changed Mahasweta’s entire life.
After Pundarika’s death, Mahasweta refused to marry anyone else. She chose to remain loyal to his memory. She lived in sorrow and constant remembrance of her beloved. Her decision showed her strong willpower, sacrifice, and faithfulness. Unlike many others, she did not think of her own happiness but remained devoted to her lost love.
Mahasweta’s character is very important in the novel because she reflects the themes of love, loyalty, sacrifice, and destiny. Through her, Banabhatta presented the idea that true love never dies, even if the lovers are separated by death. Her grief and devotion make her one of the most emotional and memorable characters in Kadambari.
Thus, Mahasweta was not only a symbol of beauty but also of inner strength and eternal love. She became an unforgettable figure whose life story added depth and pathos to the novel.
Q.- What type of literature is Kadambari ?
Ans : Kadambari is one of the most famous works of Sanskrit literature, written by Banabhatta in the 7th century. It belongs to the type of prose romance or classical Sanskrit novel. It is considered one of the earliest and finest examples of long prose fiction in India.
The novel is written in ornate Sanskrit prose with a mixture of poetry. It is not just a simple love story but a romantic epic in prose that includes themes of love, separation, sorrow, destiny, and reunion. The story of Kadambari is framed in a “tale within a tale” structure, where one story opens into another.
As a piece of literature, Kadambari combines elements of romance, fantasy, philosophy, and social life. It describes kings, princes, princesses, sages, nature, and emotions in a highly decorative style. It also shows the cultural values and courtly life of Banabhatta’s time.
The most important feature of Kadambari is that it belongs to the genre of romantic fiction in Sanskrit. It is sometimes even called the first Indian novel. Its themes of love, loyalty, and rebirth make it universal and timeless.Thus, Kadambari is not only a classical romance but also a masterpiece of Sanskrit prose, showing the richness of Indian literary tradition.
Q.- Analyse the role of narrator in Kadambari.
Ans : In Banabhatta’s Kadambari, the role of the narrator is very important. The novel is not told in a straight line but in a framed narrative style, where one story opens into another. This style depends heavily on the narrator’s role to connect different layers of the plot.
The story begins with Chandrapeeda’s parrot narrating events. Later, characters like Mahashveta and others also take the role of narrators, telling their own experiences. In this way, the novel contains “a tale within a tale,” which makes the narration complex but also artistic.
The narrator in Kadambari does not only tell the story but also adds descriptions of nature, emotions, and philosophical thoughts. Through narration, Banabhatta brings out themes like love, separation, destiny, and rebirth. The narrator also helps to build suspense, because readers understand events gradually through different voices.
The changing narrators allow readers to see the same event from many perspectives. This gives depth to the story and makes it richer. For example, Mahashveta’s narration of her sorrow gives an emotional touch, while the parrot’s narration adds wonder and fantasy.
Thus, the role of the narrator in Kadambari is to connect stories, present multiple viewpoints, create suspense, and enrich the themes. Without such narration, the novel would lose its charm. It is the narrator who makes Kadambari not just a romance but also a masterpiece of classical Sanskrit literature.
Q.- Attempt a character sketch of Kadambari.
Ans : Kadambari is the heroine of Banabhatta’s Sanskrit novel Kadambari. She is portrayed as an ideal woman, full of beauty, grace, emotions, and deep love.
Kadambari was a princess, the daughter of King Chitraratha. She was not only physically attractive but also gentle, intelligent, and noble in character. She represents the image of a perfect woman in classical Sanskrit literature. Her love story with Prince Chandrapeeda forms the central theme of the novel.
Kadambari fell in love with Chandrapeeda at first sight. Their love was sincere and intense, but destiny created many obstacles. Separation, sorrow, and misunderstandings tested her devotion. Despite these hardships, she remained faithful to her beloved. Her loyalty and patience show her strength of character.
When Chandrapeeda died, Kadambari was filled with grief. She decided to end her own life to reunite with him. This shows her determination, purity of love, and courage. Later, through the theme of rebirth, the lovers were united again, fulfilling her love.
Thus, Kadambari symbolizes eternal love, loyalty, sacrifice, and feminine grace. She is not just a beautiful princess but also a strong-hearted woman whose emotions and devotion give depth to the novel. Through her, Banabhatta presented the idea that true love is immortal.
Q.- What does Kadambari mean ?
Ans: The word “Kadambari” comes from Sanskrit. Its literal meaning is a kind of drink prepared from flowers, especially from the Kadamba flower. In ancient times, this drink was considered sweet, fragrant, and slightly intoxicating. Because of this, the word “Kadambari” also began to be used as a symbol of charm, delight, and sweetness.
Banabhatta, the great Sanskrit writer of the 7th century, chose this word as the title of his famous prose romance. By naming his heroine “Kadambari,” he gave her qualities similar to the drink – she was sweet, beautiful, refreshing, and enchanting. Just as the drink gives pleasure and intoxication, the heroine Kadambari gave joy and deep emotional experience to those around her, especially to her beloved Chandrapeeda.
In a broader sense, the name also reflects the nature of the novel itself. The story of Kadambari is rich with emotions, descriptions of beauty, and intense love. Like the drink, the novel is meant to give the reader sweetness, charm, and even an intoxicating experience of imagination.
Thus, Kadambari means not only a flower-based drink but also becomes a symbol of beauty, love, and eternal sweetness. The title is meaningful because it expresses the essence of the story – a tale filled with romance, devotion, sorrow, and reunion, all presented in a style that delights the mind like a sweet drink.
Q.- What is the theme of Kadambari ?
Ans : The main theme of Banabhatta’s Kadambari is love and devotion, but the novel also explores many related ideas. At its heart, it is a romantic tale that tells the story of Prince Chandrapeeda and Princess Kadambari. Their love is sincere, pure, and eternal, but it faces many obstacles such as separation, sorrow, and even death. Through this, Banabhatta shows that true love is powerful and survives beyond time and life.
Another important theme is destiny and rebirth. The story uses the device of reincarnation to show that love is not limited to one birth. Chandrapeeda and Kadambari, even after separation by death, are reunited in another life. This expresses the idea that fate controls human life, but true love can overcome even destiny.
The novel also reflects loyalty and sacrifice. Characters like Mahashveta and Kadambari show deep devotion to their beloveds, choosing to remain faithful even in sorrow. This highlights the strength of human emotions.
In addition, Kadambari presents courtly life, nature, philosophy, and culture of Banabhatta’s time. It combines romance with rich descriptions of beauty, kingship, and society.
Thus, the central theme of Kadambari is love tested by destiny, along with sub-themes of loyalty, sacrifice, rebirth, and the eternal power of emotions. It is not just a love story but also a reflection of life, fate, and human values.
Q.- Who is Haritha? Discuss his role in Kadambari.
Ans : In Bāṇabhaṭṭa’s Kadambari, Haritha is presented as a sage who lives in the forest. He has renounced worldly pleasures and dedicated his life to penance, meditation, and spiritual wisdom. Though his role in the story is not very large, it has symbolic and philosophical importance.
Haritha represents the path of detachment (vairagya) and renunciation (sanyasa). In a novel where most characters are princes, kings, and lovers, his presence creates a balance by showing that life is not only about love, luxury, and power but also about discipline, self-control, and spirituality.
He also plays the role of a guide and teacher. Haritha reminds the characters, and also the readers, about the importance of fate (daiva) and karma (action) in human life. He explains that happiness and sorrow are results of one’s past deeds, and they must be accepted with patience. His words give depth to the story and add a philosophical dimension to a romance-filled narrative.
Although Haritha is not directly involved in the love story of Chandrapida and Kadambari, his role enriches the novel. He symbolizes wisdom and dharma, making the tale more than just a romance.
In short, Haritha is a sage whose character, though small, provides spiritual depth, moral guidance, and balance to Kadambari, linking the worldly with the divine.
Q.- Write a note on Kadambari as a picture of the contemporary society.
Ans : Bāṇabhaṭṭa’s Kadambari is not only a romantic Sanskrit novel but also a true reflection of contemporary society of the 7th century during King Harsha’s period. While narrating the love story of Chandrapida and Kadambari, Bāṇa gives us valuable details of political, social, religious, and cultural life.
1. Political Life:The novel describes palaces, courts, ministers, and royal ceremonies. Kings are shown as powerful but cultured rulers. Rituals like Rajasuya reflect the political traditions of that time.
2. Social Life:Kadambari shows different classes—royalty, Brahmins, ascetics, common people, and women. Customs like friendship, hospitality, festivals, and hunting are highlighted. The respect given to sages like Haritha shows the place of spirituality in society.
3. Position of Women:Women like Kadambari, Mahashveta, and Patralekha are portrayed as beautiful, intelligent, loyal, and strong. They are not passive but play important roles, reflecting the dignity of women in that period.
4. Religion and Philosophy:The novel reflects beliefs in karma, fate, meditation, penance, and rebirth. These ideas show the religious and philosophical atmosphere of Indian society in the 7th century.
5. Culture and Aesthetics:Descriptions of gardens, seasons, music, and poetry show the artistic and literary taste of people. The love for beauty and literature is strongly visible.
Conclusion:Thus, Kadambari is not only a tale of love but also a cultural document, presenting a complete picture of contemporary Indian society.
Q.- Write a note on the contributions of Banabhatta to Sanskrit Literature.
Ans : Banabhatta, the famous Sanskrit prose writer of the 7th century, lived in the court of King Harshavardhana. He is regarded as one of the greatest masters of Sanskrit prose and his works have a permanent place in Indian literature.
1. Master of Prose Style:Banabhatta developed an ornate and artistic style of prose known as gadya-kavya. His language is full of rich descriptions, similes, and imagery. He gave Sanskrit prose a poetic beauty and established a model for future writers.
2. Important Works: His two most important works are:
- Harshacharita – a biography of King Harsha. It not only praises the king but also provides valuable information about contemporary political, social, and cultural life.
- Kadambari – one of the earliest and finest Sanskrit romances. It is famous for its intricate plot, imaginative beauty, and deep emotional appeal.
3. Historical Value: Through Harshacharita, Banabhatta gives details of administration, court life, social customs, and education of his age. It is an important source for historians.
4. Literary Influence: Banabhatta’s style influenced later Sanskrit writers. His use of long compounds, artistic expressions, and balance between imagination and reality became a model for classical Sanskrit literature.
Conclusion: Thus, Banabhatta’s contribution lies in enriching Sanskrit prose with beauty, depth, and historical value. He is remembered as a pioneer who gave Sanskrit literature both romantic charm and historical importance.
Q.- What does the parrot role in Bana’s Kadambari?
Ans : In Bāṇabhaṭṭa’s Kadambari, the parrot plays a very special and symbolic role. It is not just a bird but also a narrator in the story. The parrot tells the tale of past lives, love, and destiny, making the novel a unique example of story within a story.
At the beginning, the parrot narrates the story to King Shudraka. Through the parrot’s voice, the entire plot of Kadambari unfolds, including the love story of Chandrapida, Mahashveta, and Kadambari. This technique of using the parrot as a storyteller creates suspense and variety, keeping the readers interested.
The parrot also symbolizes wisdom and memory. In Indian tradition, parrots are considered intelligent birds that can repeat and preserve words. In Kadambari, the parrot performs this function by remembering and narrating the complex tale of rebirths and relationships.
Moreover, the parrot connects different parts of the novel. It becomes a link between characters, times, and worlds—earthly and heavenly. Its role is both literary and symbolic: literary because it serves as a narrator, and symbolic because it represents the continuity of love and destiny across lives.
Conclusion: The parrot in Kadambari is not a mere bird but a vital character who carries the story forward. It enriches the novel with imagination, symbolism, and narrative charm, making Kadambari a masterpiece of Sanskrit literature.
Q.- Write a short note on Vaishampayana.
Ans : Vaishampayana is a famous sage (rishi) in Indian tradition, best known as a disciple of Ved Vyasa. He holds an important place in Sanskrit literature because he was the narrator of the Mahabharata.
According to tradition, when King Janamejaya, the son of Parikshit, performed the great Sarpa Satra (snake sacrifice), sage Vyasa sent his pupil Vaishampayana to narrate the Mahabharata to the king. It was on this occasion that the great epic was first recited in full.
Vaishampayana is also credited with narrating the Harivamsha Purana, which is considered a supplement to the Mahabharata. His storytelling style preserved not only the heroic deeds of the Pandavas and Kauravas but also the moral, philosophical, and religious teachings of Vyasa.
In addition, Vaishampayana is associated with the Krishna Yajurveda. He is said to have propagated this branch of the Vedas, which makes his contribution to Vedic tradition equally important.
Importance:
- He was the first narrator of the Mahabharata.
- He preserved Vyasa’s teachings and spread them to future generations.
- He contributed to both epic and Vedic traditions.
Conclusion:Thus, Vaishampayana is remembered as a devoted disciple of Vyasa, the first reciter of the Mahabharata, and a key figure in preserving India’s literary and spiritual heritage.
Q.- Who is Pudarika ? Discuss the romantic relation of Pundarika in short.
Ans : In Bāṇabhaṭṭa’s Kadambari, Pundarika is an important character connected with the theme of love and rebirth. He is a divine being, described as handsome, noble, and full of purity. His name itself means “lotus,” symbolizing beauty and spiritual charm.
Pundarika’s most important relation is with Mahashveta, a celestial maiden. Their love story is full of passion, tragedy, and separation. Pundarika falls deeply in love with Mahashveta, and she too reciprocates his feelings. But due to fate and certain circumstances, their union does not take place, and Pundarika dies prematurely.
This sudden separation makes Mahashveta grief-stricken. She spends her life in sorrow and devotion, waiting for a reunion in another birth. Their tragic romance becomes one of the central emotional strands of Kadambari.
Through Pundarika and Mahashveta, Bāṇa highlights the themes of love, fate, sorrow, and rebirth. Their story runs parallel to the love story of Chandrapida and Kadambari, adding depth and pathos to the novel.
In short: Pundarika is a celestial lover of Mahashveta, and their unfulfilled romance represents eternal love and the pain of separation, making Kadambari richer in emotion and meaning.
Q.- How does a Vaishyampayana the parrot gate separated from his family ?
Ans : In the Jataka story, Vaishyampayana was a wise and kind parrot who lived happily with his family in a big forest. The parrots would fly together, eat together, and sleep safely in the tall trees. One day, a terrible storm came. The wind blew very strongly, trees shook, and the branches broke. In that storm, Vaishyampayana was separated from his parents and his flock.
While searching for them, he was caught by a hunter’s net. The hunter took him away from the forest. Vaishyampayana missed his family deeply but stayed patient and calm. Later, he was given to a king. In the king’s palace, he was treated with respect because of his sweet voice and wisdom. Even though he lived far from his family, he spread knowledge and comfort to the people around him.
This story teaches us that sometimes separation happens because of situations we cannot control, like storms or fate. But courage, wisdom, and kindness can help us make a new life, even in difficult places. Vaishyampayana accepted his new home yet never forgot his love for his family.
Q.- Discuss few characteristics of Kadambari as a Sanskrit novel incorporating the role of Vaishyampayana.
Ans : Banabhatta’s Kadambari is considered one of the earliest and finest Sanskrit novels. It has some special characteristics that make it unique. First, it uses a framed narrative style. The story is not told directly but through narrators. This makes the novel rich and layered. Second, it beautifully mixes romance, imagination, and philosophy. The novel describes deep love, the pain of separation, and also ideas of destiny and rebirth. Third, its language is poetic and ornamental, full of detailed descriptions of nature, emotions, and royal life. Because of these qualities, Kadambari is often called a “katha” with the charm of both poetry and prose.
The role of Vaishyampayana the parrot is very important in this structure. He becomes the main narrator of the story. When King Shudraka hears the tale from the parrot, the entire story of Pundarika, Mahashveta, Chandrapida, and Kadambari unfolds. Thus, the parrot connects the outer frame with the inner love story. Without him, the reader would not get access to the main events. His voice adds both mystery and continuity to the novel.
Therefore, Kadambari is not only a love story but also an artistic Sanskrit prose creation, where Vaishyampayana plays the vital role of storyteller.
Q.- How is Chandrapida reincarnated ?
Ans : In Banabhatta’s Kadambari, the theme of rebirth plays a central role. Chandrapida, the prince of Ujjayini, deeply loved Kadambari, the beautiful princess of Gandharvas. Their love was true, but fate and circumstances created many obstacles. Chandrapida’s life ended before he could unite with Kadambari. His untimely death brought deep sorrow to Kadambari, who even decided to give up her own life.
But destiny had another plan. Chandrapida was reborn as King Shudraka. As Shudraka, he lived a powerful and prosperous life, but he always felt an emptiness in his heart. One day, he met Vaishyampayana, the parrot, who narrated the story of Chandrapida, Pundarika, Mahashveta, and Kadambari. Listening to this story awakened his memories of the past birth. Suddenly, Shudraka realized that he was none other than Chandrapida reborn.
This recognition led to the final union with Kadambari. Through reincarnation, the cycle of love and separation was completed. This shows that true love is eternal and continues beyond one lifetime.
Q.- Describe the character of King Shudraka in Kadambari.
Ans : In Banabhatta’s Kadambari, King Shudraka is one of the most significant characters because he represents the reincarnation of Prince Chandrapida. As a king, Shudraka is shown as brave, noble, and just. He rules with wisdom and kindness, and his people admire him for his fairness. He is not only a great warrior but also a patron of learning and culture.
However, despite his success and prosperity, Shudraka always feels an emptiness in his heart. This sadness is actually the hidden memory of his past life as Chandrapida, who loved Kadambari but died before uniting with her. The turning point in his life comes when he meets Vaishyampayana, the parrot, who narrates the story of Chandrapida, Pundarika, Mahashveta, and Kadambari. Listening to the story awakens his past-life identity. He realizes that he is none other than Chandrapida reborn.
This recognition brings him closer to Kadambari, and finally, their love reaches fulfillment. Thus, Shudraka’s character shows the themes of reincarnation, destiny, and eternal love.
Q.- Discuss the place of Banabhatta in Sanskrit Literature.
Ans : Banabhatta (7th century CE) is one of the most celebrated prose writers of Sanskrit. He was the court poet of Emperor Harshavardhana and is remembered as the first great master of classical Sanskrit prose. His writings mark the beginning of ornate and artistic prose in Indian literature.
His two most important works are:
- Harshacharita – A biography of King Harsha, which gives not only historical information but also a vivid picture of society, culture, and politics of that period.
- Kadambari – One of the earliest novels in world literature. It is famous for its imaginative plot, romantic theme, deep emotions, and use of framed narrative.
Banabhatta’s style is unique. His prose is highly ornamental, poetic, and descriptive. He had the ability to paint pictures with words – whether it was describing nature, cities, or emotions. His language is rich in similes, metaphors, and rhythm, which give it the beauty of poetry.
In Sanskrit literature, Banabhatta is remembered for introducing the charm of gadyakāvya (prose poetry). He combined historical record with creative imagination. Later prose writers, like Subandhu and Dandin, were inspired by him.
Thus, Banabhatta holds a special place as a pioneer of Sanskrit prose, a master storyteller, and a link between history and literature. His works are both artistic and informative, making him an immortal figure in Sanskrit literature.
Q.- Analyse Duryodhana’s response to the glory of Pandavas.
Ans : Duryodhana’s response to the glory of the Pandavas reveals his deep-seated envy, pride, and insecurity. Despite being aware of their virtues, strength, and divine favor, he refuses to acknowledge their superiority. Instead, he interprets their success as a threat to his own power and prestige. His jealousy blinds him to reason and dharma, leading him to view the Pandavas’ prosperity as unjust and intolerable. Duryodhana’s reaction is driven not by a lack of understanding but by a wounded ego that cannot accept their greatness.
Rather than admiring their achievements or learning from them, he becomes consumed by resentment and the desire for revenge. His envy hardens into hatred, prompting destructive decisions—such as the deceitful dice game and the exile of the Pandavas. Duryodhana’s inability to find contentment in his own wealth and power exposes his moral weakness. Ultimately, his response to the Pandavas’ glory symbolizes the corrosive nature of jealousy and arrogance. It transforms him from a capable prince into a tragic figure doomed by his own vices. His downfall serves as a moral lesson on how unchecked envy leads not only to personal ruin but also to the destruction of entire dynasties.
Q.- Discuss the structure of assembly hall in Indraprastha.
Ans : The assembly hall (sabhā) of Indraprastha, built for the Pandavas, was one of the grandest creations described in the Mahabharata. It was constructed by the divine architect Maya, as a gift to the Pandavas after Arjuna saved him from the fire of the Khandava forest. The hall reflected both material splendor and spiritual symbolism, representing harmony between heaven and earth.
The sabhā was vast, adorned with crystal floors, golden pillars, and jeweled walls that dazzled like sunlight. The architecture combined natural and supernatural elements — floors appeared like still water, and water seemed like solid crystal, confusing even the wise. Precious stones illuminated the hall, making it shine like Indra’s celestial court. The hall had spaces for royal assemblies, councils, and ceremonies, showing the order and dignity of the Pandava rule.
When Duryodhana visited the hall, he was bewildered by its illusions — mistaking floors for water and water for glass — leading to his humiliation, which fueled his jealousy and resentment toward the Pandavas. Thus, the assembly hall of Indraprastha not only stood as a symbol of divine prosperity and wisdom but also became the setting where pride and envy sowed the seeds of the great conflict in the Mahabharata.
Q.- Critically analyse the dicing scene and its relevance in Mahabharata.
Ans : The dicing scene in the Mahabharata is one of the most crucial and dramatic episodes, symbolizing the moral and political downfall of the Kuru dynasty. The game, played between Yudhishthira and Duryodhana’s uncle Shakuni, is not merely a contest of luck but a test of dharma, self-control, and justice. Yudhishthira, though wise and righteous, is bound by his Kshatriya duty and fascination for the game, which becomes his tragic flaw.
Shakuni’s deceitful dice, controlled by trickery, ensure the Pandavas’ defeat. As Yudhishthira gambles away his kingdom, brothers, himself, and finally Draupadi, the scene exposes how greed, pride, and manipulation can destroy morality and family honor. Draupadi’s humiliation in the court marks the moral nadir of the Kuru house, questioning the silence of the elders and the collapse of dharma.
Critically, the dicing scene serves as a turning point in the epic. It transforms personal rivalry into a cosmic conflict between justice and injustice. It also reveals the weakness of human nature when faced with temptation and power. The event sets the stage for the Kurukshetra war, showing that the seeds of destruction are sown not in battlefields, but in the loss of righteousness within the human heart.
Q.- Discuss the use of Hyperboles in “The Mahabharata”.
Ans : Hyperbole, or deliberate exaggeration, is a common literary device used throughout The Mahabharata to emphasize the grandeur, heroism, and cosmic scale of events and characters. It serves to elevate the epic beyond the ordinary world, giving it a divine and larger-than-life quality.
The descriptions of warriors, battles, and weapons are often hyperbolic. For instance, heroes like Bhima are said to possess the strength of ten thousand elephants, and Arjuna’s arrows are described as covering the sky like a cloud. Such exaggerations are not meant to be taken literally; instead, they highlight the extraordinary power and valor of the characters. Similarly, divine weapons such as the Brahmastra are portrayed as capable of destroying the entire universe, symbolizing the immense destructive potential of human anger and ambition.
Hyperbole is also used in moral and philosophical contexts. The greatness of dharma, the depth of devotion, or the scale of suffering is often expressed in vast, immeasurable terms to evoke awe and reflection. These exaggerations help convey emotional intensity and moral depth, making the story resonate across time.
Q.- Write a note on the character of “Bhishma”.
Ans : Bhishma is one of the most respected and noble characters in the Mahabharata. He was known for his great wisdom, courage, and sense of duty. His real name was Devavrata, the son of King Shantanu and Goddess Ganga. He took a terrible vow of lifelong celibacy so that his father could marry Satyavati. Because of this great sacrifice, he was given the name Bhishma, meaning “the one who took a terrible vow.”
Bhishma was a brave warrior and a skilled archer. He always followed truth and dharma (righteousness). As the elder of the Kuru family, he loved both the Pandavas and the Kauravas, but he remained loyal to the throne of Hastinapur. Even in battle, he tried to do his duty with fairness and honor.
Bhishma’s life teaches us about sacrifice, loyalty, and moral strength. He remained devoted to his principles until his death, making him one of the greatest and most admired figures in Indian mythology.
Q.- Write down the character sketch of Draupadi in the Mahabharata.
Ans : Draupadi is one of the most powerful and respected women in the Mahabharata. She was the daughter of King Drupada of Panchala and was born from fire, which gave her the name Yajnaseni. She was known for her extraordinary beauty, intelligence, and strong will. Draupadi became the wife of the five Pandava brothers, which made her life both unique and challenging.
She was a woman of great dignity and courage. When she was insulted and humiliated in the Kaurava court during the game of dice, she boldly questioned the elders and stood up for justice and womanhood. Her words and pain became one of the main reasons for the great war of Kurukshetra.
Draupadi was also deeply devoted to dharma (righteousness) and always supported her husbands in their struggles. Despite facing many hardships, she never lost her self-respect or faith in truth. Draupadi’s character represents strength, self-respect, and the voice of justice in the Mahabharata.
Q.- How does Arjuna succeed to be the Master of sleep ?
Ans : Arjuna, one of the Pandava brothers in the Mahabharata, earned the title “Gudakesha,” which means “the conqueror of sleep.” He achieved this through his strong willpower, discipline, and constant practice.
Arjuna was deeply devoted to learning archery and wanted to become the greatest warrior. To perfect his skills, he practiced day and night without rest. Once, while eating at night, he noticed that his hand automatically moved to his mouth even in the dark. This made him realize that he could also practice archery at night. From that day on, Arjuna began training tirelessly, giving up sleep to master his art.
Through this constant effort and dedication, he gained control over his sleep and senses. His focus and determination impressed his guru, Dronacharya, and made him his favorite student.
Thus, Arjuna became the master of sleep because of his self-discipline, devotion to learning, and unbreakable commitment to becoming the best archer in the world.
Q.- Critical Comment on Yudhishthira’s Behaviour During the Game of Dice.
Ans : Yudhishthira, the eldest of the Pandavas, is known for his honesty, wisdom, and strong faith in dharma (righteousness). However, during the game of dice, his behavior raises serious moral questions. Though he knew gambling was wrong and dangerous, he agreed to play because of his sense of obedience to elders and his belief in fair play. This shows his weakness in distinguishing between blind obedience and true righteousness.
As the game continued, Yudhishthira lost everything—his kingdom, brothers, and even his wife, Draupadi. His decision to stake Draupadi was the most criticized act, as it showed a failure of judgment and moral responsibility. His attachment to the rules of the game made him ignore the higher duty of protecting his family’s honor.
Thus, Yudhishthira’s actions during the dice game reflect the conflict between duty and desire, morality and weakness. Though he later realized his mistake, the event became the turning point that led to the tragic war of Kurukshetra.
Q.- Write a note on the dicing scene in the Mahabharata.
Ans : The dicing scene in the Mahabharata is one of the most important and tragic events in the epic. It takes place in the court of Hastinapura when Yudhishthira, the eldest Pandava, is invited by his cousin Duryodhana to play a game of dice. The game was planned by the cunning Shakuni, who used deceitful tricks to ensure Yudhishthira’s defeat.
Although Yudhishthira knew gambling was wrong, he agreed to play because it was considered a royal duty not to refuse an invitation from another king. As the game continued, Yudhishthira lost all his wealth, kingdom, brothers, himself, and finally, his wife Draupadi.
Draupadi’s humiliation in the court became a turning point in the story. She was dragged into the assembly and insulted, but she bravely questioned the elders about justice and dharma. No one stopped the injustice, not even Bhishma or Dhritarashtra.
The dicing scene symbolizes greed, pride, and the downfall caused by moral weakness. It led directly to the great Kurukshetra War. Through this episode, the Mahabharata teaches the importance of self-control, righteousness, and the dangers of unethical actions
Q.- What strategy is used to kill Bhishma?
Ans : Bhishma was one of the greatest warriors in the Mahabharata and could not be defeated by any ordinary means because of a boon that he could choose the time of his own death. Therefore, a special strategy was needed to defeat him.
During the Kurukshetra War, Bhishma fought on the side of the Kauravas and caused heavy losses to the Pandavas. Krishna, who was guiding Arjuna, realized that Bhishma could not be killed unless someone made him lay down his weapons.
So, Krishna advised the Pandavas to place Shikhandi in front of Arjuna during the battle. Shikhandi was born as a woman in his previous life (as Princess Amba), whom Bhishma had once wronged. Because of this, Bhishma had taken a vow never to fight against a woman or anyone who was once a woman.
When Arjuna faced Bhishma with Shikhandi in front, Bhishma stopped defending himself. Taking advantage of this moment, Arjuna shot many arrows at Bhishma until he fell from his chariot, lying on a bed of arrows.
Thus, the strategy used to kill Bhishma was to use Shikhandi as a shield, making Bhishma lay down his arms due to his own vow.
Q.- How is Karna affected by the curse of his mentor?
Ans : Karna, one of the greatest warriors in the Mahabharata, was deeply affected by the curse of his mentor, Parashurama. When Karna wanted to learn the art of warfare, he approached Parashurama, who only taught Brahmins. Since Karna was born to Kunti and the Sun god but raised by a charioteer, he hid his true identity and pretended to be a Brahmin to become Parashurama’s student.
Parashurama trained him and was very pleased with his skills. One day, while Parashurama was resting with his head on Karna’s lap, a worm bit Karna, causing great pain. However, Karna did not move so as not to disturb his teacher. When Parashurama woke up and saw the blood, he realized that Karna was not a Brahmin, because only a warrior (Kshatriya) could bear such pain. Feeling deceived, he cursed Karna that he would forget the use of his most powerful weapon, the Brahmastra, at the moment he needed it most.
This curse proved true in the final battle against Arjuna, leading to Karna’s downfall and death.
Q.- What is the role of dharma in Mahabharata?
Ans : Dharma plays a very important role in the Mahabharata. It is the central theme of the entire epic and guides the actions and decisions of all the main characters. Dharma means righteousness, duty, and moral law — doing what is right according to one’s position and situation in life.
Throughout the story, the characters struggle to understand and follow dharma. Yudhishthira, the eldest Pandava, is known as Dharmaraja because he always tries to act truthfully and justly, but even he becomes confused during difficult situations like the game of dice. Arjuna faces a moral conflict on the battlefield, not wanting to fight his own relatives. Lord Krishna teaches him through the Bhagavad Gita that true dharma is to perform one’s duty without selfish desire.
Bhishma, Karna, and Draupadi also face tests of dharma in their own ways. The Mahabharata shows that dharma is not always simple or clear; it changes according to time, place, and circumstance. The epic teaches that one must act with truth, compassion, and justice to uphold dharma in life.
Q.- Why did Draupadi have to marry all five of the Pandavas? Was this her choice?
Ans : Draupadi’s marriage to all five Pandavas was not her personal choice; it happened because of a misunderstanding and later was accepted as destiny. After Arjuna won Draupadi in her swayamvara, he brought her home and told his mother Kunti that he had brought something. Without seeing what it was, Kunti said, “Share it equally among your brothers.” Since her words were considered sacred, the brothers felt they must obey her.
When the Pandavas explained the situation to Draupadi and Kunti, they were confused. To solve the matter, they went to Sage Vyasa, who said that Draupadi was born to be the wife of all five brothers. In her previous birth, she had prayed to Lord Shiva for a husband with five qualities, and because of that wish, she was destined to marry five men in her next life.
King Drupada, Draupadi’s father, was at first unhappy but later agreed after hearing Vyasa’s words. Thus, Draupadi married all five Pandavas—Yudhishthira, Bhima, Arjuna, Nakula, and Sahadeva. The marriage was arranged by destiny and family circumstances, not by Draupadi’s personal choice.
Q.- What are the positive and negative qualities in the character of Karna ?
Ans :
Positive Qualities of Karna:-
- Generosity: Karna was famous for his great charity. He never refused anyone who asked for help or gifts, earning the title Daanveer Karna (the generous one).
- Loyalty: He remained loyal to Duryodhana, who had accepted him when others rejected him. His friendship was based on gratitude and honor.
- Courage and Valor: Karna was one of the greatest warriors of the Mahabharata. He fought bravely even when he knew that fate was against him.
- Self-Respect: He always maintained his dignity, even when insulted for being the son of a charioteer.
- Sense of Duty: Karna followed his sense of duty till the end, fighting for his friend despite knowing he was on the wrong side.
Negative Qualities of Karna:-
- Pride and Ego: His pride often blinded him, making him take wrong decisions.
- Support of Adharma: He sided with Duryodhana and took part in wrong acts, like insulting Draupadi.
- Revengeful Nature: His anger toward the Pandavas, especially Arjuna, made him harsh and unforgiving.
- Disrespect Toward Women: He insulted Draupadi during the dice game, which showed his moral weakness.
Q.- What were the rules of warfare during the War of Mahabharata?
Ans : During the Mahabharata War, several important rules of warfare (dharma yuddha) were followed to maintain fairness and honor in battle. These rules showed the moral code of warriors at that time.
Rules of Warfare in the Mahabharata:
- Fight between equals: A warrior could only fight with an opponent of the same rank or skill. For example, a charioteer fought another charioteer, and an infantry soldier fought another infantry soldier.
- No attack on unarmed warriors: A warrior who had no weapons, had fallen, or had surrendered should not be attacked.
- No fighting after sunset: The war stopped at sunset every day and began again the next morning.
- No attack from behind: Warriors were not allowed to attack someone from behind or when they were not prepared.
- No harm to non-combatants: Women, children, and common people were not to be harmed.
- Use of fair weapons: Warriors were expected to use proper weapons and not break the code of combat.
However, as the war went on, many of these rules were broken by both sides, showing how dharma was lost in the chaos of battle.
Q.- How does Duryodhana persuade Shalya to fight on his side ?
Ans : When Duryodhana learned that Shalya, the king of Madra and uncle of Nakula and Sahadeva, was coming to join the Pandavas, he cleverly used deception to win him over.
Duryodhana arranged a grand welcome for Shalya and his army on the way to the battlefield. He offered them great hospitality—food, gifts, and comfort—without revealing his identity. Impressed by such royal treatment, Shalya promised to grant his host any wish he desired. Only then did Duryodhana reveal that he was the host and asked Shalya to fight on the Kaurava side.
Though Shalya felt tricked, he was a man of honor and could not break his promise. He agreed to join Duryodhana’s army but warned that his heart still favored the Pandavas. Duryodhana accepted this because Shalya was a mighty warrior and an excellent charioteer. Later, during the war, Shalya became the charioteer of Karna, giving him encouragement and advice during his final battle.
Thus, through cleverness and flattery, Duryodhana successfully persuaded Shalya to fight on his side, showing both his intelligence and manipulative nature.
Short Question Answer End
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